Guidelines for Writing a Paper in a Classics Class Essays written for Classics classes are often similar to those written for any class that analyzes texts. The same general rules for organization and structure still apply. However, there are differences that come along with writing about ancient texts. Translating Latin and Greek is an important skill and one that you may have already mastered. Crafting an effective argument around the texts and their translations, however, includes many pitfalls which we will try to address here.
Often, when a novice writer begins a paper, s/he thinks of the "perfect thesis" and then refuses to change it, no matter what. This narrow-minded approach often means that the writer completely overlooks an even better thesis or winds up attempting to support a weak thesis. Don't make your thesis set in stone! It's perfectly fine to start out a paper with a preliminary thesis--in fact, it's a good idea, as it will give your paper direction and focus--but don't be afraid to change it! The more you write, the more you will understand your topic, and the less likely it will be that your original thesis should be kept. Keep an open mind as you write, and don't be afraid to change your mind. Sometimes, however, even coming up with a preliminary thesis is difficult for first-year writers. Developing a thesis is never easy, even for experienced writers. However, with some practice, it will eventually become second nature! The Classics department at the Queen's University in Ontario suggests using a WHAT/HOW/WHY method:
With these three things figured out, you can write your thesis. (Or, at least, your first thesis!)
There are many different methods for including foreign phrases in your paper, and each professor may want writers to use different methods. Be sure to check with your professor to understand his/her specifications. Below are two popular techniques
Literary devices, specifically sound and meter As in many English classes, analyzing literary devices plays a crucial role. However, specific discussions of sound and meter tend to be more prevalent in Latin and Greek essays. These devices, since they are largely set aside in English language analysis, can cause problems for some writers. There is the temptation to twist the sounds to support the writer's thesis rather than to analyze them honestly. Though sound and meter have a subjective effect on each reader, a higher level of objectivity is needed in analytical essays. If you wish to include a discussion of sound and meter within your paper, there are two pieces of advice:
Also, remember that the subjectivity of how these devices affect each reader may not allow them to be the strongest argument. A writer may be sure that the repeated s's (sigmatism) in a line signal the poet's sleepiness; the professor may be equally sure that the sigmatism is a sign of the poet's perfidy. Because of the higher possibility for this disconnect than in the discussion of other literary devices, a writer may want to use sound and meter just as qualified add-ons to other, stronger arguments. To truly convince your audience, you cannot include only your own arguments in your essay. When assembling your argument, try to answer any counter-arguments that your professor may think of. Both Professors Stevenson and Simpson used the analogy of a court room where the reader (the professor) stands as judge and jury. You must develop your ideas so that they would stand up to a "cross-examination." You want to minimize the chance of your professor asking a question while reading and not receiving an answer. Each professor will likely give you a different answer on this issue. Some wish for a translation to be included when you quote in Latin or in Greek, others (especially in the language classes) do not require a translation. If your professor does ask for translations, there are a few guidelines for including them.
Integrating and Citing Quotations Learning to properly integrate quotes is a difficult process for many first-year writers. Dr. Elizabeth Baughan, professor of Archaeology at the University of Richmond, says that many students "seem unsure of how to use secondary sources beyond quoting them, and quotations are often inserted awkwardly, without being incorporated into the structure of the paragraph." When you simply stick quotes into your essay without introducing them, it makes your paper extremely confusing for the reader. Dr. Baughan suggests "introducing a quote somehow with a phrase followed by a colon or comma, or breaking up a quote into shorter chunks that can be incorporated into the student's own sentence." Keith Hjortshoj says:
But remember--even if you're not directly quoting a source, you must cite your source! Paraphrasing (or, taking someone else's words and rephrasing them) isn't plagiarism, as long as you properly cite, as you would a direct quote. For more information on integrating and citing quotes, see Chapter 7 of Hjortshoj's The Transition to College Writing. Other Disciplines | Writer's Web | Writing Center | Make
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